NAME

text - Create and manipulate text widgets

SYNOPSIS

text pathName ?options?

STANDARD OPTIONS

-background  -pady              -takefocus
-borderwidth -relief            -xscrollcommand
-font        -selectbackground  -yscrollcommand
-foreground  -selectborderwidth
-padx        -selectforeground

-height dist: Specifies the desired height for the window.
-spacing1 dist: Requests additional space above each text line in the widget, using any of the standard forms for screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the first line on the display. This option may be overriden with -spacing1 options in tags.
-spacing2 dist: For lines that wrap (so that they cover more than one line on the display) this option specifies additional space to provide between the display lines that represent a single line of text. The value may have any of the standard forms for screen distances. This option may be overriden with -spacing2 options in tags.
-spacing3 dist: Requests additional space below each text line in the widget, using any of the standard forms for screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the last line on the display. This option may be overriden with -spacing3 options in tags.
-state state: Specifies one of two states for the text: normal or disabled. If the text is disabled then characters may not be inserted or deleted and no insertion cursor will be displayed, even if the input focus is in the widget.
-tabs dist: Specifies a set of tab stops for the window. The option's value consists of a list of dist values giving the positions of the tab stops. Each dist may optionally be followed in the next list element by one of the keywords left, right, center, or numeric, which specifies how to justify text relative to the tab stop. Left is the default; it causes the text following the tab character to be positioned with its left edge at the tab position. Right means that the right edge of the text following the tab character is positioned at the tab position, and center means that the text is centered at the tab position. Numeric means that the decimal point in the text is positioned at the tab position; if there is no decimal point then the least significant digit of the number is positioned just to the left of the tab position; if there is no number in the text then the text is right-justified at the tab position. For example, -tabs {2c left 4c 6c center} creates three tab stops at two-centimeter intervals; the first two use left justification and the third uses center justification. If the list of tab stops does not have enough elements to cover all of the tabs in a text line, then Tk extrapolates new tab stops using the spacing and alignment from the last tab stop in the list. The value of the tabs option may be overridden by -tabs options in tags. If no -tabs option is specified, or if it is specified as an empty list, then Tk uses default tabs spaced every eight (average size) characters.
-width dist: Specifies the desired width for the window.
-wrap val: Specifies how to handle lines in the text that are too long to be displayed in a single line of the text's window. The value must be none or char or word. A wrap mode of none means that each line of text appears as exactly one line on the screen; extra characters that don't fit on the screen are not displayed. In the other modes each line of text will be broken up into several screen lines if necessary to keep all the characters visible. In char mode a screen line break may occur after any character; in word mode a line break will only be made at word boundaries.

DESCRIPTION

The text command creates a new window (given by the pathName argument) and makes it into a text widget. Additional options, described above, may be specified on the command line to configure aspects of the text such as its default background colour and relief. The text command returns the path name of the new window.

A text widget displays one or more lines of text and allows that text to be edited. Text widgets support three different kinds of annotations on the text, called tags, marks, and embedded windows. Tags allow different portions of the text to be displayed with different fonts and colours. In addition, Tk commands can be associated with tags so that scripts are invoked when particular actions such as keystrokes and mouse button presses occur in particular ranges of the text. See TAGS below for more details.

The second form of annotation consists of marks, which are floating markers in the text. Marks are used to keep track of various interesting positions in the text as it is edited. See MARKS below for more details.

The third form of annotation allows arbitrary windows to be embedded in a text widget. See EMBEDDED WINDOWS below for more details.

INDICES

Many of the widget commands for texts take one or more indices as arguments. An index is a string used to indicate a particular place within a text, such as a place to insert characters or one endpoint of a range of characters to delete. Indices have the syntax

base modifier modifier modifier ...

Where base gives a starting point and the modifiers adjust the index from the starting point (e.g. move forward or backward one character). Every index must contain a base, but the modifiers are optional.

The base for an index must have one of the following forms:

line.char: Indicates char'th character on line line. Lines are numbered from 1 for consistency with other UNIX programs that use this numbering scheme. Within a line, characters are numbered from 0. If char is end then it refers to the newline character that ends the line.
@x,y: Indicates the character that covers the pixel whose x and y coordinates within the text's window are x and y.
end: Indicates the end of the text (the character just after the last newline).
mark: Indicates the character just after the mark whose name is mark.
tag.first: Indicates the first character in the text that has been tagged with tag. This form generates an error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.
tag.last: Indicates the character just after the last one in the text that has been tagged with tag. This form generates an error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.
pathName: Indicates the position of the embedded window whose name is pathName. This form generates an error if there is no embedded window by the given name.

If modifiers follow the base index, each one of them must have one of the forms listed below.

+ count chars: Adjust the index forward by count characters, moving to later lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count characters in the text after the current index, then set the index to the last character in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- count chars: Adjust the index backward by count characters, moving to earlier lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count characters in the text before the current index, then set the index to the first character in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional.
+ count lines: Adjust the index forward by count lines, retaining the same character position within the line. If there are fewer than count lines after the line containing the current index, then set the index to refer to the same character position on the last line of the text. Then, if the line is not long enough to contain a character at the indicated character position, adjust the character position to refer to the last character of the line (the newline). Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- count lines: Adjust the index backward by count lines, retaining the same character position within the line. If there are fewer than count lines before the line containing the current index, then set the index to refer to the same character position on the first line of the text. Then, if the line is not long enough to contain a character at the indicated character position, adjust the character position to refer to the last character of the line (the newline). Spaces on either side of count are optional.
linestart: Adjust the index to refer to the first character on the line.
lineend: Adjust the index to refer to the last character on the line (the newline).
wordstart: Adjust the index to refer to the first character of the word containing the current index. A word consists of any number of adjacent characters that are letters, digits, or underscores, or a single character that is not one of these.
wordend: Adjust the index to refer to the character just after the last one of the word containing the current index. If the current index refers to the last character of the text then it is not modified.

If more than one modifier is present then they are applied in left-to-right order. For example, the index ``end - 1 chars'' refers to the next-to-last character in the text and the index ``insert wordstart - 1 c'' refers to the character just before the first one in the word containing the insertion cursor.

MARKS

The second form of annotation in text widgets is a mark. Marks are used for remembering particular places in a text. They are something like tags, in that they have names and they refer to places in the file, but a mark isn't associated with particular characters. Instead, a mark is associated with the gap between two characters. Only a single position may be associated with a mark at any given time. If the characters around a mark are deleted the mark will still remain; it will just have new neighbour characters. In contrast, if the characters containing a tag are deleted then the tag will no longer have an association with characters in the file. Marks may be manipulated with the ``pathName mark'' widget command, and their current locations may be determined by using the mark name as an index in widget commands.

Each mark also has a gravity, which is either left or right. The gravity for a mark specifies what happens to the mark when text is inserted at the point of the mark. If a mark has left gravity, then the mark is treated as if it were attached to the character on its left, so the mark will remain to the left of any text inserted at the mark position. If the mark has right gravity, new text inserted at the mark position will appear to the right of the mark. The gravity for a mark defaults to right.

The name space for marks is different from that for tags: the same name may be used for both a mark and a tag, but they will refer to different things.

Two marks have special significance. First, the mark insert is associated with the insertion cursor, as described under THE INSERTION CURSOR below. Second, the mark current is associated with the character closest to the mouse and is adjusted automatically to track the mouse position and any changes to the text in the widget (one exception: current is not updated in response to mouse motions if a mouse button is down; the update will be deferred until all mouse buttons have been released). Neither of these special marks may be deleted.

EMBEDDED WINDOWS

The third form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded window. Each embedded window annotation causes a window to be displayed at a particular point in the text. There may be any number of embedded windows in a text widget, and any widget may be used as an embedded window. The embedded window's position on the screen will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled. Each embedded window occupies one character's worth of index space in the text widget, and it may be referred to either by the name of its embedded window or by its position in the widget's index space. If the range of text containing the embedded window is deleted and the window is a child of the text widget then the window is destroyed.

When an embedded window is added to a text widget with the window create widget command, several configuration options may be associated with it. These options may be modified later with the window configure widget command. The following options are currently supported:

-align where: If the window is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed, this option determines where the window is displayed in the line. Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the window with the top of the line), center (center the window within the range of the line), bottom (align the bottom of the window with the bottom of the line's area), or baseline (align the bottom of the window with the baseline of the line).
-padx dist: Dist specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side of the embedded window. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
-pady dist: Dist specifies the amount of extra space to leave on the top and on the bottom of the embedded window. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
-stretch boolean: If the requested height of the embedded window is less than the height of the line in which it is displayed, this option can be used to specify whether the window should be stretched vertically to fill its line. If the -pady option has been specified as well, then the requested padding will be retained even if the window is stretched.
-window pathName: Specifies the name of a window to display in the annotation.

THE SELECTION

Selection support is implemented via tags. The sel tag is automatically defined when a text widget is created, and it may not be deleted with the ``pathName tag delete'' widget command. Furthermore, the selectbackground, selectborderwidth, and selectforeground options for the text widget are tied to the background, borderwidth, and foreground options for the sel tag: changes in either will automatically be reflected in the other.

THE INSERTION CURSOR

The mark named insert has special significance in text widgets. It is defined automatically when a text widget is created and it may not be unset with the ``pathName mark unset'' widget command. The insert mark represents the position of the insertion cursor, and the insertion cursor will automatically be drawn at this point whenever the text widget has the input focus.

WIDGET COMMAND

The text command creates a new Tk command whose name is the same as the path name of the text's window. This command may be used to invoke various operations on the widget. It has the following general form:

pathName option ?arg arg ...?

PathName is the name of the command, which is the same as the text widget's path name. Option and the args determine the exact behaviour of the command. The following commands are possible for text widgets:

pathName bbox index: Returns a list of four elements describing the screen area of the character given by index. The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the area occupied by the character, and the last two elements give the width and height of the area. If the character is only partially visible on the screen, then the return value reflects just the visible part. If the character is not visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.
pathName cget option: Returns the current value of the configuration option given by option. Option may have any of the values accepted by the text command.
pathName compare index1 op index2: Compares the indices given by index1 and index2 according to the relational operator given by op, and returns 1 if the relationship is satisfied and 0 if it isn't. Op must be one of the operators <, <=, ==, >=, >, or !=. If op is == then 1 is returned if the two indices refer to the same character, if op is < then 1 is returned if index1 refers to an earlier character in the text than index2, and so on.
pathName configure ?option? ?value option value ...?: Query or modify the configuration options of the widget. If no option is specified, returns a list of all of the available options for pathName. If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given widget option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. Option may have any of the values accepted by the text command.
pathName debug ?boolean?: If the value is a true one then internal consistency checks will be turned on in the code associated with text widgets. If boolean has a false value then the debugging checks will be turned off. In either case the command returns an empty string. If boolean is not specified then the command returns on or off to indicate whether or not debugging is turned on. There is a single debugging switch shared by all text widgets: turning debugging on or off in any widget turns it on or off for all widgets. For widgets with large amounts of text, the consistency checks may cause a noticeable slow-down.
pathName delete index1 ?index2?: Delete a range of characters from the text. If both index1 and index2 are specified, then delete all the characters starting with the one given by index1 and stopping just before index2 (i.e. the character at index2 is not deleted). If index2 doesn't specify a position later in the text than index1 then no characters are deleted. If index2 isn't specified then the single character at index1 is deleted. It is not allowable to delete characters in a way that would leave the text without a newline as the last character. The command returns an empty string.
pathName dlineinfo index: Returns a list with five elements describing the area occupied by the display line containing index. The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the area occupied by the line, the third and fourth elements give the width and height of the area, and the fifth element gives the position of the baseline for the line, measured down from the top of the area. All of this information is measured in pixels. If the current wrap mode is none and the line extends beyond the boundaries of the window, the area returned reflects the entire area of the line, including the portions that are out of the window. If the line is shorter than the full width of the window then the area returned reflects just the portion of the line that is occupied by characters and embedded windows. If the display line containing index is not visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.
pathName get index1 ?index2?: Return a range of characters from the text. The return value will be all the characters in the text starting with the one whose index is index1 and ending just before the one whose index is index2 (the character at index2 will not be returned). If index2 is omitted then the single character at index1 is returned. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then an empty string is returned. If the specified range contains embedded windows, no information about them is included in the returned string.
pathName index index: Returns the position corresponding to index in the form line.char where line is the line number and char is the character number. Index may have any of the forms described under INDICES above.
pathName insert index chars ?tagList chars tagList ...?: Inserts all of the chars arguments just before the character at index. If index refers to the end of the text (the character after the last newline) then the new text is inserted just before the last newline instead. If there is a single chars argument and no tagList, then the new text will receive any tags that are present on both the character before and the character after the insertion point; if a tag is present on only one of these characters then it will not be applied to the new text. If tagList is specified then it consists of a list of tag names; the new characters will receive all of the tags in this list and no others, regardless of the tags present around the insertion point. If multiple chars-tagList argument pairs are present, they produce the same effect as if a separate insert widget command had been issued for each pair, in order. The last tagList argument may be omitted.
pathName mark option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate marks. The exact behaviour of the command depends on the option argument that follows the mark argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName mark gravity markName ?direction?: If direction is not specified, returns left or right to indicate which of its adjacent characters markName is attached to. If direction is specified, it must be left or right; the gravity of markName is set to the given value.
pathName mark names: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the marks that are currently set.
pathName mark next index: Returns the name of the next mark at or after index. If index is specified in numerical form, then the search for the next mark begins at that index. If index is the name of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins immediately after that mark. This can still return a mark at the same position if there are multiple marks at the same index. If a mark has been set to the special end index, then it appears to be after end with respect to the mark next operation. An empty string is returned if there are no marks after index.
pathName mark previous index: Returns the name of the mark at or before index. If index is specified in numerical form, then the search for the previous mark begins with the character just before that index. If index is the name of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins immediately before that mark. This can still return a mark at the same position if there are multiple marks at the same index. An empty string is returned if there are no marks before index.
pathName mark set markName index: Sets the mark named markName to a position just before the character at index. If markName already exists, it is moved from its old position; if it doesn't exist, a new mark is created. This command returns an empty string.
pathName mark unset markName ?markName markName ...?: Remove the mark corresponding to each of the markName arguments. The removed marks will not be usable in indices and will not be returned by future calls to ``pathName mark names''. This command returns an empty string.

pathName scan option args: This command is used to implement scanning on texts. It has two forms, depending on option:

pathName scan mark x y: Records x and y and the current view in the text window, for use in conjunction with later scan dragto commands. Typically this command is associated with a mouse button press in the widget. It returns an empty string.
pathName scan dragto x y: This command computes the difference between its x and y arguments and the x and y arguments to the last scan mark command for the widget. It then adjusts the view by 10 times the difference in coordinates. This command is typically associated with mouse motion events in the widget, to produce the effect of dragging the text at high speed through the window. The return value is an empty string.

pathName search ?switches? pattern index ?stopIndex?: Searches the text in pathName starting at index for a range of characters that matches pattern. If a match is found, the index of the first character in the match is returned as result; otherwise an empty string is returned. One or more of the following switches may be specified to control the search:

-backwards: The search will proceed backward through the text, finding the matching range closest to index whose first character is before index.
-nocase: Ignore case differences between the pattern and the text.
--: This switch has no effect except to terminate the list of switches: the next argument will be treated as pattern even if it starts with -.

The matching range must be entirely within a single line of text. If stopIndex is specified, the search stops at that index: for forward searches, no match at or after stopIndex will be considered; for backward searches, no match earlier in the text than stopIndex will be considered. If stopIndex is omitted, the entire text will be searched: when the beginning or end of the text is reached, the search continues at the other end until the starting location is reached again; if stopIndex is specified, no wrap-around will occur.

pathName see index: Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by index is completely visible. If index is already visible then the command does nothing. If index is a short distance out of view, the command adjusts the view just enough to make index visible at the edge of the window. If index is far out of view, then the command centers index in the window.
pathName tag option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate tags. The exact behaviour of the command depends on the option argument that follows the tag argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName tag add tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?: Associate the tag tagName with all of the characters starting with index1 and ending just before index2 (the character at index2 isn't tagged). A single command may contain any number of index1-index2 pairs. If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at index1 is tagged. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then the command has no effect.
pathName tag bind tagName ?sequence? ?script?: This command associates script with the tag given by tagName. Whenever the event sequence given by sequence occurs for a character that has been tagged with tagName, the script will be invoked. This widget command is similar to the bind command except that it operates on characters in a text rather than entire widgets. See the bind manual entry for complete details on the syntax of sequence and the substitutions performed on script before invoking it. If all arguments are specified then a new binding is created, replacing any existing binding for the same sequence and tagName (if the first character of script is ``+'' then script augments an existing binding rather than replacing it). In this case the return value is an empty string.

The only events for which bindings may be specified are those related to the mouse and keyboard, such as Enter, Leave, ButtonPress, Motion, and KeyPress. Event bindings for a text widget use the current mark described under MARKS above. An Enter event triggers for a tag when the tag first becomes present on the current character, and a Leave event triggers for a tag when it ceases to be present on the current character. Enter and Leave events can happen either because the current mark moved or because the character at that position changed. Note that these events are different than Enter and Leave events for windows. Mouse and keyboard events are directed to the current character.

It is possible for the current character to have multiple tags, and for each of them to have a binding for a particular event sequence. When this occurs, one binding is invoked for each tag, in order from lowest-priority to highest priority. If there are multiple matching bindings for a single tag, then the most specific binding is chosen (see the manual entry for the bind command for details).

If bindings are created for the widget as a whole using the bind command, then those bindings will supplement the tag bindings. The tag bindings will be invoked first, followed by bindings for the window as a whole.

pathName tag cget tagName option: This command returns the current value of the option named option associated with the tag given by tagName. Option may have any of the values accepted by the tag configure widget command.
pathName tag configure tagName ?option? ?value? ?option value ...?: This command is similar to the configure widget command except that it modifies options associated with the tag given by tagName instead of modifying options for the overall text widget. If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s) in tagName. See TAGS above for details on the options available for tags.
pathName tag delete tagName ?tagName ...?: Deletes all tag information for each of the tagName arguments. The command removes the tags from all characters in the file and also deletes any other information associated with the tags, such as bindings and display information. The command returns an empty string.
pathName tag lower tagName ?belowThis?: Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just lower in priority than the tag whose name is belowThis. If belowThis is omitted, then tagName's priority is changed to make it lowest priority of all tags.
pathName tag names ?index?: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the tags that are active at the character position given by index. If index is omitted, then the return value will describe all of the tags that exist for the text (this includes all tags that have been named in a ``pathName tag'' widget command but haven't been deleted by a ``pathName tag delete'' widget command, even if no characters are currently marked with the tag). The list will be sorted in order from highest priority to lowest priority.
pathName tag nextrange tagName index1 ?index2?: This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged with tagName where the first character of the range is no earlier than the character at index1 and no later than the character just before index2 (a range starting at index2 will not be considered). If several matching ranges exist, the first one is chosen. The command's return value is a list containing two elements, which are the index of the first character of the range and the index of the character just after the last one in the range. If no matching range is found then the return value is an empty string. If index2 is not given then it defaults to the end of the text.
pathName tag prevrange tagName index1 ?index2?: This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged with tagName where the first character of the range is before the character at index1 and no earlier than the character at index2 (a range starting at index2 will be considered). If several matching ranges exist, the one closest to index1 is chosen. The command's return value is a list containing two elements, which are the index of the first character of the range and the index of the character just after the last one in the range. If no matching range is found then the return value is an empty string. If index2 is not given then it defaults to the beginning of the text.
pathName tag raise tagName ?aboveThis?: Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just higher in priority than the tag whose name is aboveThis. If aboveThis is omitted, then tagName's priority is changed to make it highest priority of all tags.
pathName tag ranges tagName: Returns a list describing all of the ranges of text that have been tagged with tagName. The first two elements of the list describe the first tagged range in the text, the next two elements describe the second range, and so on. The first element of each pair contains the index of the first character of the range, and the second element of the pair contains the index of the character just after the last one in the range. If there are no characters tagged with tag then an empty string is returned.
pathName tag remove tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?: Remove the tag tagName from all of the characters starting at index1 and ending just before index2 (the character at index2 isn't affected). A single command may contain any number of index1-index2 pairs. If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at index1 is tagged. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then the command has no effect. This command returns an empty string.

pathName window option ?arg arg ...?: This command is used to manipulate embedded windows. The behaviour of the command depends on the option argument that follows the window argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:

pathName window cget index option: Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded window. Index identifies the embedded window, and option specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of the ones listed in the section EMBEDDED WINDOWS.
pathName window configure index ?option value ...?: Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded window. If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s). See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for information on the options that are supported.
pathName window create index ?option value ...?: This command creates a new window annotation, which will appear in the text at the position given by index. Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to configure the annotation. See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for information on the options that are supported. Returns an empty string.
pathName window names: Returns a list whose elements are the names of all windows currently embedded in window.

pathName xview option args: This command is used to query and change the horizontal position of the text in the widget's window. It can take any of the following forms:

pathName xview: Returns a list containing two elements. Each element is a real fraction between 0 and 1; together they describe the portion of the document's horizontal span that is visible in the window. For example, if the first element is .2 and the second element is .6, 20% of the text is off-screen to the left, the middle 40% is visible in the window, and 40% of the text is off-screen to the right. The fractions refer only to the lines that are actually visible in the window: if the lines in the window are all very short, so that they are entirely visible, the returned fractions will be 0 and 1, even if there are other lines in the text that are much wider than the window. These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the -xscrollcommand option.
pathName xview moveto fraction: Adjusts the view in the window so that fraction of the horizontal span of the text is off-screen to the left. Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1.
pathName xview scroll number what: This command shifts the view in the window left or right according to number and what. Number must be an integer. What must be either units or pages. If what is units, the view adjusts left or right by number average-width characters on the display; if it is pages then the view adjusts by number screenfuls. If number is negative then characters farther to the left become visible; if it is positive then characters farther to the right become visible.

pathName yview ?args?: This command is used to query and change the vertical position of the text in the widget's window. It can take any of the following forms:

pathName yview: Returns a list containing two elements, both of which are real fractions between 0 and 1. The first element gives the position of the first character in the top line in the window, relative to the text as a whole (0.5 means it is halfway through the text, for example). The second element gives the position of the character just after the last one in the bottom line of the window, relative to the text as a whole. These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the -yscrollcommand option.
pathName yview moveto fraction: Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by fraction appears on the top line of the window. Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1; 0 indicates the first character in the text, 0.33 indicates the character one-third the way through the text, and so on.
pathName yview scroll number what: This command adjust the view in the window up or down according to number and what. Number must be an integer. What must be either units or pages. If what is units, the view adjusts up or down by number lines on the display; if it is pages then the view adjusts by number screenfuls. If number is negative then earlier positions in the text become visible; if it is positive then later positions in the text become visible.
pathName yview ?-pickplace? index: Changes the view in the widget's window to make index visible. If the -pickplace option isn't specified then index will appear at the top of the window. If -pickplace is specified then the widget chooses where index appears in the window:

[1]: If index is already visible somewhere in the window then the command does nothing.
[2]: If index is only a few lines off-screen above the window then it will be positioned at the top of the window.
[3]: If index is only a few lines off-screen below the window then it will be positioned at the bottom of the window.
[4]: Otherwise, index will be centered in the window.

The -pickplace option has been made obsolete by the see widget command (see handles both x- and y-motion to make a location visible, whereas -pickplace only handles motion in y).

BINDINGS

Tk automatically creates bindings for texts that give them the following default behaviour. In the descriptions below, ``word'' refers to a contiguous group of letters, digits, or ``_'' characters, or any single character other than these.

[1]: Clicking mouse button 1 positions the insertion cursor just before the character underneath the mouse cursor, sets the input focus to this widget, and clears any selection in the widget. Dragging with mouse button 1 strokes out a selection between the insertion cursor and the character under the mouse.
[2]: Double-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the word under the mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the beginning of the word. Dragging after a double click is ignored.
[3]: If any normal printing characters are typed, they are inserted at the point of the insertion cursor, replacing the current selection.
[4]: If the mouse is dragged out of the widget while button 1 is pressed, the entry will automatically scroll to make more text visible (if there is more text off-screen on the side where the mouse left the window).
[5]: The Left and Right keys move the insertion cursor one character to the left or right; they also clear any selection in the text. Control-b and Control-f behave the same as Left and Right, respectively.
[6]: The Up and Down keys move the insertion cursor one line up or down and clear any selection in the text. Control-p and Control-n behave the same as Up and Down, respectively.
[7]: The Page-up and Page-down keys move the view up or down one screenful without moving the insertion cursor or adjusting the selection. IControl-v behaves the same as Page-down.
[8]: Home, Control-a and Control-< move the insertion cursor to the beginning of its line and clear any selection in the widget.
[9]: End, Control-e and Control-> move the insertion cursor to the end of the line and clear any selection in the widget.
[10]: The Delete key deletes the selection, if there is one in the widget. If there is no selection, it deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
[11]: Backspace and Control-h delete the selection, if there is one in the widget. If there is no selection, they delete the character to the left of the insertion cursor.
[12]: Control-d deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
[13]: Control-k deletes from the insertion cursor to the end of its line; if the insertion cursor is already at the end of a line, then Control-k deletes all of the next line.
[14]: Control-o opens a new line by inserting a newline character in front of the insertion cursor without moving the insertion cursor.
[15]: Control-u deletes from the insertion cursor to the start of its line; if the insertion cursor is already at the start of the line, then the current line is joined with the previous one.
[16]: Control-w deletes from the insertion cursor to the start of the word that contains it; if the insertion cursor is at the start of the line, then the current line is joined with the previous one.

If the widget is disabled using the -state option, then its view can still be adjusted and text can still be selected, but no insertion cursor will be displayed and no text modifications will take place.

The behaviour of texts can be changed by defining new bindings for individual widgets.

BUGS

Tab alignment doesn't work correctly.

The -stretch option on embedded windows is not implemented.